How Network Address Translation (NAT) works

Introduction If you are reading this, you are most likely connected to the Internet and there's a very good chance that you are using Network Address Translation (NAT) right now! The Internet has grown larger than anyone ever imagined it could be. Although the exact size is unknown, the current estimate is that there are about 100 million hosts and over 350 million users actively on the Internet. That is more than the entire population...

Read More

Cisco IOS Software Features and Functions

Cisco IOS Software is the industry-leading and is the most widely deployed network system software. This topic describes the features and functions of Cisco IOS Software. The Cisco IOS Software platform is implemented on most Cisco hardware platforms, including switches, routers, and similar Cisco IOS–based network devices. It is the embedded software architecture in all Cisco devices and is also the operating system of Cisco Catalyst switches. Cisco IOS Software enables the following network services in Cisco products: ■ Features to carry...

Read More

Layer 1/2/3 Devices and their Function

Layer 1 - Devices and Their Functions Layer 1 defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between end systems. Some common examples are Ethernet segments and serial links like Frame Relay and T1. Repeaters that provide signal amplification are also considered Layer 1 devices. The physical interface on the NIC can also be considered part of Layer 1. Layer 2 Devices and Their Functions Layer 2 defines how data is formatted for transmission...

Read More

Domain Name System

DNS is a mechanism for converting symbolic names into IP addresses. The DNS application frees users of IP networks from the burden of having to remember IP addresses. Without this freedom, the Internet would not be as popular or as usable as it is. The DNS address is a server that provides the DNS services. The address is typically assigned during the DCHP address assignment or can be assigned manually. To determine the actual address of...

Read More

Inter-Network Interconnection

Which states the relationship between 2 pieces or more network devices, using a special device, namely: Card Connector Network (Network Interface Card = NIC)  A NIC is a printed circuit board that provides network communication capabilities to and from a personal computer on a network.  Hub (concentrator) Repeater Router (Cisco-Route 2501)  Bridge  Gateway ...

Read More